Not a single data point — the ability to observe system behaviour over time. SCI-MIP defines what to measure, when, and at what resolution. Raw data becomes meaningful only when placed in context.

Four distinct levels — each with defined authority boundaries. No level can make decisions outside its scope. Cross-level violations are structural failures.

Independent third-party validation of the decision process — not the outcome. Verification confirms whether the methodology was followed, not whether results look favourable.